Entering date and time data

The datetime and smalldatetime datatypes consist of a date portion either followed by or preceded by a time portion. (You can omit either the date or the time, or both.) The date datatype has only a date and the time datatype has only the time. You must enclose values in single or double quotes.

Entering the date

Dates consist of a month, day, and year and can be entered in a variety of formats for date, datetime, and smalldatetime:

• You can enter the entire date as an unseparated string of 4, 6, or 8 digits, or use slash (/), hyphen (-), or period (.) separators between the date parts.

  • When entering dates as unseparated strings, use the appropriate format for that string length. Use leading zeros for single-digit years, months, and days. Dates entered in the wrong format may be misinterpreted or result in errors.

  • When entering dates with separators, use the set dateformat option to determine the expected order of date parts. If the first date part in a separated string is four digits, Adaptive Server interprets the string as yyyy-mm-dd format.

• Some date formats accept 2-digit years (yy):

  • Numbers less than 50 are interpreted as 20yy. For example, 01 is 2001, 32 is 2032, and 49 is 2049.

  • Numbers equal to or greater than 50 are interpreted as 19yy. For example, 50 is 1950, 74 is 1974, and 99 is 1999.

• You can specify the month as either a number or a name. Month names and their abbreviations are language-specific and can be entered in uppercase, lowercase, or mixed case.

• If you omit the date portion of a datetime or smalldatetime value, Adaptive Server uses the default date of January 1, 1900.

Table 1-14 describes the acceptable formats for entering the date portion of a datetime or smalldatetime value:

Entering the time

The time component of a datetime, smalldatetime, or time value must be specified as follows:

hours[:minutes[:seconds[:milliseconds]] [AM | PM]

• Use 12AM for midnight and 12PM for noon.

• A time value must contain either a colon or an AM or PM signifier. The AM or PM can be entered in uppercase, lowercase, or mixed case.

• The seconds specification can include either a decimal portion preceded by a decimal point, or a number of milliseconds preceded by a colon. For example, “15:30:20:1” means twenty seconds and one millisecond past 3:30 PM; “15:30:20.1” means twenty and one-tenth of a second past 3:30 PM.

• If you omit the time portion of a datetime or smalldatetime value, Adaptive Server uses the default time of 12:00:00:000AM.

Displaying formats for datetime, smalldatetime, and date values

The display format for datetime and smalldatetime values is “Mon dd yyyy hh:mmAM” (or “PM”); for example, “Apr 15 1988 10:23PM”. To display seconds and milliseconds, and to obtain additional date styles and date-part orders, use the convert function to convert the data to a character string. Adaptive Server may round or truncate millisecond values.

Table 1-15 lists some examples of datetime entries and their display values:

Displaying formats for time value

The display format for time values is “hh:mm:ss:mmmAM” (or “PM”); for example, “10:23:40:022PM.

Finding values that match a pattern

Use the like keyword to look for dates that match a particular pattern. If you use the equality operator (=) to search date or time values for a particular month, day, and year, Adaptive Server returns only those values for which the time is precisely 12:00:00:000AM.

For example, if you insert the value “9:20” into a column named arrival_time, Adaptive Server converts the entry into “Jan 1 1900 9:20AM.” If you look for this entry using the equality operator, it is not found:

where arrival_time = "9:20" /* does not match */

You can find the entry using the like operator:

where arrival_time like "%9:20%"

When using like, Adaptive Server first converts the dates to datetime or date format and then to varchar. The display format consists of the 3-character month in the current language, 2 characters for the day, 4 characters for the year, the time in hours and minutes, and “AM” or “PM.”

When searching with like, you cannot use the wide variety of input formats that are available for entering the date portion of datetime, smalldatetime, date, and time values. Since the standard display formats do not include seconds or milliseconds, you cannot search for seconds or milliseconds with like and a match pattern, unless you are also using style 9 or 109 and the convert function.

If you are using like, and the day of the month is a number between 1 and 9, insert 2 spaces between the month and the day to match the varchar conversion of the datetime value. Similarly, if the hour is less than 10, the conversion places 2 spaces between the year and the hour. The following clause with 1 space between “May” and “2”) finds all dates from May 20 through May 29, but not May 2:

like "May 2%"

You do not need to insert the extra space with other date comparisons, only with like, since the datetime values are converted to varchar only for the like comparison.

Manipulating dates

You can do some arithmetic calculations on date and time datatypes values with the built-in date functions. See “Date functions”.

Copyright © 2005. Sybase Inc. All rights reserved.

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